Thursday, May 21, 2020
Why Not Receive A Vaccine - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1794 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Vaccines        The invention of vaccines has impacted health care over the course of history by curing diseases, preventing sickness, and creating advancements in medical technology. Through their research, a numerous amount of scientists have contributed to the vaccinations we have today.        One of the many diseases of the time was smallpox. Studies show that about five out of every fifteen people died from obtaining smallpox. The symptoms included a fever, severe pain, and a rash that was characterized by pustules. Most people who made it through the sickness were either left blind or had damage to the brain. As a matter of fact, the U.S. Army lost the Battle of Quebec because of this illness. Great Britains soldiers had been vaccinated, while the United States was not. The vaccine was introduced by a man named Edward Jenner in 1796, but the first person to actually use a vaccine was a farmer. His name was Benjamin Jerry and he vaccinated his family against smallpox in the 1774 epidemic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Not Receive A Vaccine?" essay for you Create order        A considerable amount of people did not have any defense against sickness in the mid- 19th century. There were instances when the disease was fatal and there was absolutely no cure to help the community. Vaccines had continued to improve as time went on. In 1882, Robert Koch created a vaccine for tubercle bacillus, otherwise known as tuberculosis. Louis Pasteur then generated another one from an infected rabbit brain in 1885. He took the material from the brain and transformed the substance into a vaccine. This vaccine was used to prevent against rabies and has been developed more efficiently since then.        In the early twentieth century, vaccinations were still flourishing and eradicating even more diseases. Pertussis was another dangerous illness of the time. Studies show that 142, 271 cases were said to exist. There were no vaccinations to prevent it until 1930. The vaccine provided relief to those who had the chance of getting infected with the disease. With the medical improvements of our modern time, there were only 15,632 cases in 2006, decreasing to about 20 cases now. In 1931, the tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and pertussis vaccines were introduced, creating an even safer environment for the communities.        Polio was a major sickness that also effected tons of people. Young children were easily infected with polio, hence the reason there were so many that died . Most did not even make it until the age of five without dying since there were no vaccinations. A vaccine was then created in 1969 by Albert Sabin. This vaccine helped tremendously with the population and increased the health of children all over the world.        You may be asking, why does this matter when dealing with research? Well, without that these people, there would be no information or any of the techniques that we have today. These scientists led technology into a whole new perspective, influencing our health and safety through the invention of vaccinations. Without them, we probably would not be as healthy as we are now. Quite a few of us would be sick with a disease or even dead because of an illness. A handful of individuals question the safety of vaccines, saying that they can cause even bigger problems than there already is. Although, the whole point of having them is to ensure our health is great and to protect us from getting sick. Studies have shown that these injections do not directly give you a disease, its the side effects that occur because of receiving it. Everyone has a different immune system that may act more unusual compared to others. Whether the vaccine is dead or alive, pathogens are inserted into the body for the immune system to find a way to defend against these harmful viruses. Since 1924, more than 103 million cases of infectious diseases have been prevented because of these vaccinations.        Although vaccines have created a massive impact on our health, events have happened in which they did not work properly or even at all. Contaminations occurred that resulted in many deaths and other instances came about because of no vaccination at all. The Spanish flu was destructive to the bountiful amount of people it affected. As a matter of fact, in 1918, the Spanish flu killed a grand total of over fifty million people worldwide because of no vaccination. There was one called the BCG vaccine that helped fight against tuberculosis. This Bacillus Calmette-Guerin injection was given to hundreds of people in Germany. In 1929, over one hundred children died as a result of a contamination of the dose of BCG given in Lbeck, Germany. Another phenomenon was the plan of eradicating polio. In 1988, the World Health Assembly had a plan to completely eradicate polio by the year 2000. Unfortunately, that idea did not turn out as they planned and it has been exten ded since then. Different viruses infected the disease and caused it to have more development. The vaccines have been altered to hopefully help decrease the cases of polio each year.        Today, evaccinations are needed for a wide variety of things. They have improved dramatically over the centuries and continue to be enhanced as medical technology advances. Epidemiology has played a huge role in the prevention of disease. Through clinical trials, studies, and reports, scientists can help find ways to develop and alter vaccine according to the results of the experiments. In the United States, there are some laws that require the vaccination of children for school and public safety. For example, we all need certain shots when we turn a certain age to keep us healthy and to go to school. Individuals do argue that this is against civil rights and should not be tolerated, but if you think about it, the world without vaccinations would absolutely miserable. You probably would not even be able to go out in public without catching an illness. Since no one would be vaccinated, sickness would spread rapidly everywhere.        Studies show that without vaccination for measles, 2.6 million people would die each year. The population would slowly deteriorate over time, causing problems everywhere throughout the whole entire world. Other studies show that in 2012, there was more than 157,000 deaths because of measles. Receiving an immunization could have reduced this number to around 90,000. Between 2007 and 2014, 140,000 people became sick with a disease and 1,400 people died because of having no vaccination at all.        Society argues that there are many risks and side effects because of immunizations. Yes, there can be both side effects and risks, but would you want to put your life in danger when there is actually something that was created to help you? Countless sicknesses and diseases have been eradicated all because of a simple injection of a dose of vaccine. The first ever to be eradicated was smallpox. It has been eliminated along with rinderpest because of vaccinations. This is how the polio epidemic has decreased over time. Prevention from the illness has created a healthy environment for those exposed to it. Hopefully in the near future, polio can be completely eradicated. There are around 6.6 million children each year that still die from infectious diseases that could be prevented through a vaccine. If they were to receive the help they need, widespread illnesses could become less of a problem and more eradications would hopefully result.        Human beings may think these injections are not monitored or maintained, but numerous organizations have been created to provide safety and watch for problems that may arise from vaccinations. One in particular is the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, also known as VAERS. This system regulates any effects that occur from the reports they obtain after a vaccine is administered. This commission also catches signals that may be the start of something new in a sickness or other disease. The World Health Organization keeps track of health around the globe and watches for potential hazards that may arise. Together with the United Nations Childrens Fund, they allowed vaccinations to become worldwide. These systems resulted in laws being put into effect for school environments. This is why we have to receive shots before even starting school.        Questions arise all the time about different situations that individuals think can result as part of getting a vaccination. According to the book Do Vaccines Cause That?!, common questions involve cancer, asthma, seizures, birth defects, and even damage to the immune system. In all cases, the vaccines do not cause any of these problems. Its the things people do or the reactions to the substance that occur. Some tend to overreact when thinking about getting an immunization. The only major problem that ever occurred with cancer was the SV40 virus when the vaccine was first introduced. This resulted in the formation of some tumors, but research never really found any evidence of actual cancer. Asthma has absolutely nothing to deal with the vaccines we receive. This can either be an inherited disorder or caused by the environment. In all of the instances listed, the only real way a reaction could occur is because of the vaccine itself or symptoms in your body . For example, if youre pregnant, doctors advise which immunizations you can and cannot receive during pregnancy.        Medical technology has ameliorated immensely, changing the ways of health care over the centuries. Countless scientists have created wonderful works that can improve our society for the better. Although some problems occurred, vaccines still resulted in a decrease of illness and disease around the world. Organizations modernized and renovated the ways communities can receive immunizations around the globe. These same systems provide safety and prevent hazardous problems that may occur as a result of a poor vaccination. Studies and clinical trials continue to advance these vaccines for the safety and wellness of other people. If a disease changes or a virus occurs, scientists make sure the immunization is developed enough to defend against the new agent. Individuals may have questions because of other disorders that may seem to cooperate with vaccines, but the vaccines themselves do not cause the disorder. It is the symptoms that occur that spark societys interest in the ways vaccinations make things worse. Because of these advancements in science, we have a healthier and safer world to live in today. Why not receive a vaccine? Works Cited Greenwood, Brian. The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present, and future. The Royal Society Publishing. The Royal Society, 14 May 2014. Web. 11 November 2018. Lombard, Michel F., et al. A brief history on vaccines and vaccination. ResearchGate. ResearchGate, 2018. Web. 11 November 2018. Myers, M.D., Martin G., and Diego Pineda. Do Vaccines Cause That?! Galveston, Texas: Immunizations for Public Health, 2008. Print. Rooney, Anne, and David Anthram. You Wouldnt Want to Live Without Vaccinations! Great Britain: The Salariya Book Company Ltd, 2015. Print. Stern, Alexandra, and Howard Merkel. The History of Vaccines And Immunization: Familiar Patterns, New Challenges. Health Affairs. Project Hope, May 2005. Web. 11 November 2018.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay PROJECT PLANNING AND EVALUATION - 4731 Words
PROJECT PLANNING AND EVALUATION (under the Guidance and Supervision of Prof. Limuel C. Cirineo, Ed.D) I. INTRODUCTION: Before anyone is going to do something, there is nothing as sensible as planning. A plan as we know is something thought about and chalked out in advance before the real action takes place and is actually a recipe for success. But then, the word plan does not need much of a definition. It has been used so much that it has become quite hackneyed. So, we all know what it means, but how many of us really resort to planning before we start a course of action. Im not referring to a mental picture that we chart out in our minds that is in one word, vague. I mean a real plan in black and white, that is, put down on a†¦show more content†¦This step-by-step process highlights each feasible step in the project management cycle. By appropriately incorporating each step of the model into the planning stage, managers can effectively forecast the deliverables and avoid losing value through accurately assessing the margins that will be produced in a given strategic initiative. The control cycle is an important part of quality control, and it not only verifies the delivery of good quality but also identifies gaps and failures that need to be addressed. Ultimately, it is a process that continuously evolves within the production process. In this phase, which is the third, I’ve learned four important steps: PLAN, DO, CHECK and ACT. 4. EVALUATION AND REFINEMENT (reported by: Ms. Bernarda T. Cudal) After listening to the reporter, I have realized that in the Process of Project Management Cycle, we should not set aside this very important stage: Evaluation and Refinement. It is a major part of learning, and can provide a wealth of useful information on the outcomes of a project or action, and the dynamics of those who undertook the work. Through the identification of the highlights and lowlights of the project, evaluation draws conclusions which can inform future decision making, and assist to defineShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Using A Protocol Adoption Of A Bundle Care For The Prevention Of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia1208 Words  | 5 Pagespatients admitted in the intensive care unit with mechanical intubation within this 6-month trial period. Evaluation is a systematic way of checking a project’s information on the activities, and characteristics in order to make a judgement of the project. Evaluation can help to give recommendations to the project and improve by adapting the recommendations and improve future projects. 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This journal covers the important stages of the Learning needs assessment and how it impacts every educational process that is aimed to inform changes in practice and policy for continuing professional developmentRead MoreEvaluating Greenby Education Department1538 Words  | 7 PagesaRunning head: EVALUATION RESEARCH PAPER Case 10: Evaluating the Consultation and Education Department Research University of Phoenix Evaluation the Consultation and Education Department The Greenby Community Mental Health Center process evaluation measure suggests the Consultation and Education Department needs to implement the address of the real questionable issue within the organization, and to evaluate the programs being offered through the organization. The questionable issueRead MoreThe Health Impact Of Supportive Housing For Hiv Positive Homeless Patients : A Randomized Controlled Trial1123 Words  | 5 PagesCommunity Councils and Planning Consultation. Planning Theory, 284-300 Anonymous. (2006). Newly constructed affordable housing must be adaptable for use by elderly and disabled. Planning Environmental Law, 28. Buchanan, D., Kee, R., Sadowski, L. S., Garcia, D. (2009). The Health Impact of Supportive Housing for HIV Positive Homeless Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Public Health, S675-S680. Cropsey, K. L., Wexler, H. K., Melnick, G., Taxman, F. S., Young, D. W. (2007). SpecializedRead MoreProject Duration And Critical Path Analysis1288 Words  | 6 PagesIntern objectives. 6 Interview question set 7 Senior software developer. 7 Junior software developer. 7 Manager (RD). 7 Manager (Logistics). 8 Intern. 9 Task and Duration 9 Project Duration and Critical Path Analysis 9 Project duration. Total time required for this development is approximate 29 days. 9 Critical path analysis. 9 Dependent task 9 PERT chart 10 Development
Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur Free Essays
string(49) " and democratic styles of classroom management \." Question 1 1. 1. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the role of communication in creatinga sustainable positive atmosphere in your classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur or any similar topic only for you Order Now Communication is the transmission of an idea by someone, thesender, and the understanding thereof by another, the receiver. Communication is important to the success of any relationship,without it the relationship is doomed to fail. In order to increase thequality of the relationship the communication needs to be effective. Effective communication between the educator and the learners Inhis/her class is essential in order to create and maintain a positiveatmosphere in the classroom. 1. 2. Write a paragraph in which you discuss the importance of establishingpositive educator-learner relationships in the creation of a sustainablepositive atmosphere in your classroom. A positive educator-learner relationship is important as it enablesboth the educator and the learners to risk being honest with eachother, care about each other, it promotes interdependence, ensuresmutual needs are met and allows each individual to develop their own individuality. The creation of the above leads to trust between the educator andlearners and as such will result in a positive classroom atmosphere. Creating a good educator-learner relationship involves the following(Coetzee 2010:87): ? Creating open, professionally appropriate dialogue with learners. ?  Systematically building better relationships with learners. ?  Maintaining a high rate of positive to negative statements. ?  Communicating high expectations. ?  Creating opportunities for personal discussion. Guidelines that can be used to avoid the negative effects of educator expectations are as follows (Coetzee 2010:87): †¢ Use sensitive information on learners carefully. †¢  Be flexible in your use of group strategies. Be careful how you respond to low-achieving learners duringclass discussions. ? Use materials that show a wide range of ethnic groups. Be fair inyour evaluation and disciplinary procedures. ? Communicate to all learners that you believe that they can learn. ? Involve all learners in learning tasks and privileges. ? Monitor your non-verbal communication. . 3. Discuss how you would promote learner participation in a multiculturalclassroom by creating a learning environment that supports socialising andintercultural interaction . ? I would first read through all the learning materials for that givensubject in order to determine if there is any aspect of the work or activities which may be culturally insensitive to any of thelearners in the class. ? I am aware that cognitive learning styles are culturally dependentand therefore will use a variety of teaching styles, methods andstrategies in my teaching of the class. ? In order for the learners to participate and actively cooperate witheach other it is necessary to be aware of any instances of cultural insensitivity immediately and take action, a way to avoidthese situations, I could allow those members of differentcultures to explain about certain aspects of their culture to theother members of the class. This way I as the educator and theclass will learn about other cultures. ? I expect all the learners in my class to achieve to the best of their ability as all people are able to learn provided they put in the timeand effort to do so. I am also aware that the academic andlearning ability of learners differ, so they at the beginning of theacademic year are required to set their own personal goals whichthey then work towards. These goals set are at levels slightlyabove what each learner believes they can achieve in order tochallenge them. When checking work done in activities the class needs to assistthe learner who is answering the specific question if they makean error in order to correct it, if they are unable to detect or correct the error, I as the educator assist in guiding them to thecorrect answer. Question 2 2. 1. Name five ways in which educators can improve learner motivation in theclassroom . a) Make the learning task more challenging. b) Place less emphasis on teaching and grades. c) Move from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation. d) Have high expectations of each learner. e) Increase the learners ¶ perception that they control the learningsituation. 2. 2. Draw up the following of a classroom policy: 2. 2. 1. Aims and objectives of our class . Class Aims: To achieve our academic and intellectual potential through hardwork as a cooperative group, while promoting the acceptance of others and respect for others. Individual Objectives: Each individual sets their own goals to achieve at the end of theyear (long-term) in order to contribute to the overall class aim. In order to achieve their own end of year goals the learners setshorter term goals in order to assist them in achieving their long-term goals. 2. 2. 2. Rules for our classroom . 1) We must respect ourselves, others and the educator. 2) We must be on time. 3) We must enter the class quietly, and get ready to work. 4) We need to bring all our stationary and books to class. 5) We must raise our hands to ask questions in class. ) We must not eat nor drink in class7) We must never disrupt another learner ¶s work. 8) We don ¶t leave litter on the floor, we put it in the bin. 2. 2. 3. Task division . Educator: ? Always prepared and punctual. ? Provide assistance to learners. ? Manage the classroom appropriately. ? Discipline learners fairlyLearners: ? Ensure all work is completed on time. ? Maintain a clean learning environment. ? Resp ect one another. ? Make sure all learning materials are brought to class. 2. 3. Define the following concepts: 2. 3. 1. L eadership The ability of an individual to influence other individuals or a groupto achieve goals. 2. 3. 2. C ntrol Assessment of work done and where necessary to realign andcorrect work done which is incorrect or not up to standard. 2. 3. 3. I ntrinsic motivation An inner desire to be successful at a certain task (self-motivation) 2. 3. 4 . C ommunication The transmission of an idea by someone, the sender, and theunderstanding thereof by another. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal. 2. 3. 5 . Co-operative learning A team approach to learning where each member of the group isdependent on the other members to accomplish a specific learningtask on an assignment. 2. 4 . Describe the autocratic and democratic styles of classroom management . You read "Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur" in category "Essay examples" Autocratic leadership style: Autocratic leadership is an educator-centred approach to theclassroom which is characterised by the strong leadership role of theeducator. The main focus of this type of leadership is on thecompletion of tasks and the learners ¶ ability to listen, work and do. Theadvantages of this type of leadership include the promotion of goodorder and an established routine in which some learners feel moresecure. The drawbacks of this type of leadership include one-waycommunication, rigid discipline, passive learner participation, a morereserved and unapproachable educator and little room for creativethinking. Democratic leadership style: This leadership style is characterised by educators that have goodsubject knowledge, who are good natured, helpful, fair, and warm. Educators who practice this management style encourage learner participation. The advantages of this type of leadership include learner confidence to participate in classroom activities, a relaxed positiveatmosphere and learners constantly being involved in learningactivities. 2. 5 . Explain how a message is conveyed by referring to the communication processmodel . In order for there to be communication there first needs to be apurpose for communication or a message to be conveyed. Thismessage is then encoded by the sender and passed onto the receiver via a communication medium. The message is then decoded by thereceiver. This results in a transfer of meaning from the sender to thereceiver, who then may give feedback back to the sender. Question 3  µ A delict is an unlawful, culpable (intentional or negligent) act (or omission)committed by a person, which infringes the rights of another or causes himor her harm.  ¶ (Coetzee 2010:188) ? To constitute delict, one person must have caused harm or damage to another byhis or her action or conduct . The conduct must be voluntary human action and maybe either a positive action or an omission .  µ In terms of this element of delictual liability the school can be held liable asthey failed to remove the piece of steel or at least clearly demarcate thearea around the piece of steel, in order to make people aware of it. Thecoach, knowing that there is a possibility that players could fall during thewarm up due to the nature of the sport, could also be held responsible asthe teams were responsible for choosing a warm up area and the coachshould as such have checked the area for any objects that could causeharm to team members. The act which causes harm must be wrongful, that is, it must be legallyreprehensible or unreasonable in terms of the legal convictions of the community . To test for unlawfulness, the boni mores principle is applied . The question here iswhether the harm caused was unjustified in the circumstances . I n the absence of wrongfulness a defendant may not be held liable .  µ The school can be held liable as they should have taken all precautions tohelp to prevent an injury of this nature to any person on their schoolgrounds. Knowing that they were hosting a basketball tournament theyshould have removed any objects that could cause injuries to any playersor clearly demarcate the areas where there could be concerns over theplayer ¶s safety. The coach in being responsible for the safety of his teamshould have thoroughly inspected the area chosen for the warm up for anydangerous objects. ? The act must be the result of fault in the form of intent (d olus) or negligence(culpa) . Fault refers to blameworthy attitude or conduct of someone who has actedwrongfully .  µ The coach of the team was negligent as he should have inspected thearea for any danger to the players, if he had done so he would have seenthe piece of steel and then either have chosen a different warm up area or at least warn the players to either avoid that area or be careful around it. The school could be seen to be negligent for failure to remove the piece of steel or clearly demarcate the area around the piece of school. ? There is a casual relationship between the conduct of the perpetrator and the harmsuffered by the victim . I general, it should be shown that the person ·s injury didresult from the actions of the person charged with negligence . I n other words, theremust be a clear casual relationship between the act and the injury . A person cannotbe held liable if he or she has not caused any damage .  µ The school ¶s negligence in not removing the piece of steel or demarcatingthe area around it resulted in the injury to the player, as such they can beheld lia ble. The coach for not thoroughly inspecting the area in which theplayers would warm up could also be held liable. ? A delict is a wrongful and culpable act which has harmful consequences . Damagesin the form of patrimonial loss or non-patrimonial loss must be present . There mustbe a connection between the negligent conduct and the injury (physical or mental ) . To receive an award for damages, a plaintiff must have suffered an injury as a resultof the defendant ·s negligent conduct . The plaintiff must prove that some damageoccurred . Although the injury or damage does not need to be substantial for anaward to be ordered, the injury must be real rather than be imagined . The courts aregenerally reluctant to award damages where there is not some form of injury .  µ Damages are present which are due to the negligent conduct on the partof the school, not removing the piece of steel or demarcating the areasurrounding the piece of steel, and coach, for not thoroughly inspectingthe area on which his players will be using to warm up. Contributory fault is where a learner does not show the degree of carenormally expected form someone of his or her age, knowledge andexperience. If this is present the educator will not be solely liable for anydamages resulting from an injury by his or her act. In the case in question,if the basketball tournament is for a junior age group (ie. under 15 ¶s) or asenior age group (ie. under 18 ¶s) will determine if there is contributory faulton the part of the learner ¶s. Under 18 learners ¶ can reasonably beexpected to be responsible enough to check themselves for any danger onthe warm up area chosen. Whereas the under 15 learners ¶ cannotreasonably be expected to check for any danger. How to cite Die Opvoeder as Leier, Bestuurder En Administrateur, Essay examples
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